内蒙古包头放射性废物库安全运行25年

文章简要论述了内蒙古包头放射性废物库现状、扩建工程及环境整治工程概况,通过对库区、库外辐射环境质量监测,放射性处于一般环境水平,废物库运行20多年来,未对周围环境造成污染,通过整治工程的建设,达到了预期治理要求,废物库运行是安全的。     

火电厂低氮燃烧改造技术的应用

本文介绍了氮氧化物产生的机理以及低氮燃烧技术在火电厂大型燃煤锅炉的应用,简述其技术特点和改造措施,并通过试验测试了改造后的效果。     

树木水分胁迫和抗旱性机理研究进展

本文从植物对干旱胁迫的反应和抗旱指标、光合作用和蒸腾作用和水分利用效率等研究途径,以及人工采取的抗旱措施等方面阐述了森林植物的抗旱性机理研究现状,并提出了今后研究的重点方向。     

土壤镉污染修复方法及生物修复研究进展

土壤镉污染主要由人为活动引起,镉在土壤环境体系中存在复杂多变的形态,文章介绍了土壤镉污染对生物体的危害性及其修复方法,综述了生物修复技术处理镉污染土壤的研究进展,并提出了展望。     

铅锌尾矿重金属渗漏污染土壤和地下水的电动修复技术研究

随着生产的发展,中国地下水重金属污染问题日益严重,特别是尾矿重金属渗漏污染地下水尤引人注目,地下水和土壤相互作用,导致重金属离子发生迁移和再分配。电动修复技术作为一种新兴绿色技术,因其高效、节能、成本低、无二次污染,具有很好发展前景。本文对土壤和地下水重金属污染电动修复技术的原理、实际研究应用、技术优势及缺点进行论述,为进一步研究铅锌尾矿重金属渗漏污染地下水电动修复技术提供理论依据。     

典型地铁车站结构大型振动台试验相似比分析

以典型地铁车站结构的大型振动台试验为基础,对试验相似比设计和试验结果的相似比精确度进行了分析。基于Buckinghamπ定理,采用一致相似率分析方法,建立以覆土质量为主要控制因素的等效密度方程。将需要施加的人工配重与非结构荷载统一考虑,分析地铁地下结构欠人工质量模型的相似比。研究不同的覆土厚度对重力效应的影响程度,计算了试验中的实际相似比,并通过试验测试结果证明其在提高计算精度上的有效性。结果表明,随着结构上覆土层厚度的增加,速度、频率、加速度的重力效应与人工质量模型的重力效应越接近,且加速度重力效应精度的提高幅度最大。通过调整试验条件下实际覆土层厚度,反演实际相似比,可以有效提高相似比设计的精确度。     

利用固定化技术与添加表面活性剂增强双酚A降解率的研究

以SiO_2为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,用以固定游离态漆酶降解双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA).同时,对比了游离态漆酶与固定化漆酶在不同pH值与温度下的最佳酶活与酶稳定性,再通过添加表面活性剂来增加酶活及BPA去除效果.结果表明,与游离态漆酶相比,固定化漆酶对不同酸碱的适应性与耐热性均有所提高,在pH为2~8时,固定化漆酶的活性均高于游离态漆酶,且最佳活性温度也从游离态漆酶的40℃提高至50℃.在BPA降解率方面,固定化漆酶的降解率皆高于游离态漆酶,反应6 h后,对100 mg·L~(-1)BPA的去除率可分别达到92%与85%.通过添加非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100,反应4 h后固定化漆酶可完全降解BPA,相对活性为67%;游离态漆酶于6 h将BPA降解完全,相对活性为32%.实验证实Triton X-100可作为酶活诱导剂用以提高漆酶活性及BPA的降解率,降低了处理成本且具有一定的应用前景.     

Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China

Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are environmental pollutants. Environmental samples and bovine tissues were collected from the areas around a lead–zinc smelter in Guizhou, China for Cd, Pb, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) analysis. Cd in soil (10 mg/kg) and feed (6.6 mg/kg) from the polluted areas was 10 times higher than the Chinese Standards, resulting in higher Cd in bovine kidney (38 mg/kg) and liver (2.5 mg/kg). Pb in feed (132 mg/kg) from the polluted area was much higher than unpolluted areas, causing higher Pb levels in bovine tissues. Environmental Zn was elevated, but bovine tissue Zn was normal. Cu in bovine liver decreased with increased Cd and Pb. Metals in drinking water and in bovine muscle were within the Standard range. Thus, in the areas of this lead–zinc smelter, the environment has been contaminated with Cd and Pb, which has been transferred to cattle through the food chain.     

中国耕地非农化压力时空格局的演变分析

社会经济和资源禀赋的区域差异导致耕地非农化压力表现出明显的空间异质性。开展耕地非农化压力测算并揭示其时空格局演变,是实现土地资源优化配置的基础。从经济因素、社会因素、产业结构和资源禀赋4个方面构建耕地非农化压力指数评价指标体系,采用熵值法计算各指标权重,继而计算1990~2014年中国31省的耕地非农化压力指数,并在此基础上开展了耕地非农化压力的时空格局分析。结果表明:(1)从空间格局分布来看,中国耕地非农化压力空间分布呈现明显的地理梯度,总体上呈现从东到西依次递减的态势。(2)从时间变化趋势来看,不同地区各省份之间的耕地非农化压力指数变化呈现多元化趋势。东部沿海地区,山东、浙江、江苏的耕地非农化压力指数处于上升阶段,上海、福建的压力指数变化趋势逐渐趋稳,广东的压力指数呈现下降趋势。中部地区,河南、河北、山西、江西的耕地非农化压力指数趋稳,陕西、湖北以及四川、重庆等西南地区省份的压力指数呈上升趋势。西部沿边3省(云南、西藏、新疆)的耕地非农化压力呈现了一致的下降趋势。(3)从时空格局结合来看,耕地非农化压力不同的省份其变化趋势呈现出截然不同的走向。在耕地非农化压力较大的地区,耕地非农化经历了从制度驱动向发展推动的阶段,经济增长的倒"U"型轨迹明显,经济增长与耕地非农化之间的关系逐渐脱钩。在耕地非农化压力居中或较小的地区,产业发展滞后,土地比较收益较低,耕地的社会保障作用、生态作用对耕地非农化的影响较大,从而增加了部分省份的耕地非农化压力。     

Soil CO2 fluxes from direct seeding rice fields under two tillage practices in central China

Agricultural practices affect the production and emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from paddy soils. It is crucial to understand the effects of tillage and N fertilization on soil CO₂ flux and its influencing factors for a better comprehension of carbon dynamics in subtropical paddy ecosystems. A 2-yr field study was conducted to assess the effects of tillage (conventional tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]) and N fertilization (0 and 210 kg N ha^?1) on soil CO₂ fluxes during the 2008 and 2009 rice growing seasons in central China. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices as the main plot and N fertilizer level as the split-plot treatment. The soil CO₂ fluxes were measured 24 times in 2008 and 17 times in 2009. N fertilization did not affect soil CO₂ emissions while tillage affected soil CO₂ emissions, where NT had similar soil CO₂ emissions to CT in 2008, but in 2009, NT significantly increased soil CO₂ emissions. Cumulative CO₂ emissions were 2079–2245 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from NT treatments, and 2084–2141 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from CT treatments in 2008, and were 1257–1401 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from NT treatments, and 1003–1034 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from CT treatments in 2009, respectively. Cumulative CO₂ emissions were significantly related to aboveground biomass and soil organic C. Before drainage of paddy fields, soil CO₂ fluxes were significantly related to soil temperature with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.67–0.87 in 2008 and 0.69–0.85 in 2009; moreover, the Q₁₀ values ranged from 1.28 to 1.55 and from 2.10 to 5.21 in 2009, respectively. Our results suggested that NT rice production system appeared to be ineffective in decreasing carbon emission, which suggested that CO₂ emissions from integrated rice-based system should be taken into account to assess effects of tillage.